Theory and Technology of Quenching: A Handbook - 17 Angebote vergleichen

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484 Seiten Gebundene Ausgabe Das Buch befindet sich in einem ordentlich erhaltenen Zustand in ENGLISCHER Sprache! Table of Contents 1 Transformation of Steels During Cooling By H. P. Hougardy I 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Constitution of Iron Alloys 1 1.3 Kinetics of Transformation 3 1.3.1 Principles 3 1.3.2 Microstructures of Steels 4 1.3.2.1 Types of Microstructure 4 1.3.2.2 Ferrite and Pearlite 4 1.3.2.3 Martensite 5 1.3.2.4 Bainite 7 1.3.2.5 Influence of Transformation Temperature 11 1.3.2.6 Tempering 11 1.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Microstructures 12 1.3.4 Transformation Diagrams 12 1.3.4.1 Austenitization 12 1.3.4.2 Isothermal Transformation 14 1.3.4.3 Transformation During Continuous Cooling 15 1.4 Factors Influencing the Transformation 15 1.4.1 Austenitizing Conditions 15 1.4.2 Cooling Rate 15 1.4.3 Alloying Elements 15 1.5 Description of Transformation in Components 16 1.6 Calculation of Transformation and Properties 17 References 17 2 Mechanical Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Alloys After Quenching ByH. J. Spies 19 2.1 Objectives of Quenching 19 2.2 Influence of Heat Treatment Structures on the Mechanical Properties 21 2.2.1 Ferrous Materials 21 2.2.2 Precipitation-Hardenable Aluminium Alloys 29 2.3 Characterization of Transformation Behaviour 33 References 39 /911091203VIII Table of contents 3 Thermo- and Fluiddynamic Principles of Heat Transfer During Cooling By F. Mayinger 41 3.1 Phenomena of Heat Transfer During Immersion Cooling 41 3.2 Single Phase Convection 48 3.2.1 Heat Transfer Equations for Forced Convection 53 3.2.2 Heat Transfer Equations for Natural Convection 54 3.3 Two Phase Heat Transfer 55 3.3.1 Free Convection Boiling 55 3.3.2 Forced Convection Boiling 57 3.3.3 Heat Transfer with Film Boiling 63 3.3.4 Transition Boiling 65 3.3.5 Critical Heat Flux 66 3.3.6 Immersion Cooling 67 List of Symbols 69 List of Subscripts 70 References 71 4 Heat Transfer During Cooling of Heated Metallic Objects with Evaporating Liquids By R. Jeschar, E. Specht and Chr. Kohler 73 4.1 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 73 4.2 Film Quenching 75 4.3 Immersion Quenching 81 4.4 Spray Quenching 89 References 92 5 Wetting Kinematics ByH. M. Tensi 91 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Definition of the Wetting Process 93 5.3 Model of Vapour Blanket Breakdown During Immersion Cooling of Metallic Bodies 97 5.4 Effect of Wetting Process on Cooling Behaviour 99 5.5 Impact of Quenchant Properties on Wetting Process 102 5.6 Impact of Sample Properties on Wetting Process 110 5.7 Summary 114 5.8 List of Symbols 115 References 116 6 Residual Stresses After Cooling By E. Macherauch and O. Vohringer 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Some Fundamentals 119 6.2.1 Definitions of Residual Stresses 119 6.2.2 Quenching of Steel Cylinders 123 6.2.3 Transformation Processes of Austenitized Steels During Quenching ... 127 Table of contents IX 6.3 Stresses During Quenching of Cylinders with Ideal Linear-Elastic Deformation Behaviour 133 6.3.1 Shrinking Stresses Due to Local and Temporal Differences in Thermal Shrinking 133 6.3.2 Transformation Stresses Due to Local and Temporal Stresses in Phase Transformations 135 6.3.3 Superposition of Shrinking and Transformation Stresses 136 6.4 Residual Stresses After Quenching of Cylinders with Real Elastic-Plastic Deformation Behaviour 137 6.4.1 Plastic Deformations Due to Shrinking and Phase Transformations .... 137 6.4.2 General Aspects of Shrinking, Transformation and Hardening Residual Stresses 139 6.4.3 Characteristic Examples of Stresses and Residual Stresses in Differently Quenched Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 147 6.5 Residual Stresses After Quenching of Carburized Steels 155 6.5.1 Some Fundamentals 155 6.5.2 Characteristic Examples 161 6.6 Residual Stresses After Quenching of Steels with Induction Heated Surface Layers 168 6.6.1 Quenching Without Transformation 168 6.6.2 Quenching Combined with Transformation 169 6.7 Residual Stresses After Self-Quenching of Steels with Laser-Heated Surface Layers 174 6.7.1 Quenching After Austenitizing 174 6.7.2 Quenching After Melting 178 References 180 7 Effect of Workpiece Surface Properties on Cooling Behaviour By F. Moreaux and G. Beck 182 7.1 Effect of Quenching Conditions on Liquid Vaporization Types 182 7.1.1 Transition Between Film-Boiling and Nucleate-Boiling 183 7.1.2 Instability of Film-Boiling in Sub-Cooled Water 184 7.1.3 Cooling Law Calculation 189 7.2 Influence on the Workpiece Surface's Thermophysical Properties .... 191 7.2.1 Influence of the Initial Workpiece-Liquid Contact on the Cooling Process 191 7.2.2 Surface Thermal Resistance Effect on the Cooling Process 196 7.2.3 Influence of the Surface Condition on the Cooling Process 200 7.3 Quenching Control by Adding a Solute to the Water 200 7.3.1 Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Solutes 200 7.3.2 Organic Polymer Aqueous Solution 202 References 206 8 Determination of Quenching Power of Various Fluids 208 8.1 Methods and Standards for Laboratory Tests of Liquid Quenchants By H. M. Tensi 208 8.1.1 Laboratory Test for Industrial Quenching Oils 209 X Table of contents 8.1.2 Laboratory Test for Industrial Polymer Quenchants 210 8.1.3 Representation of Results 218 References 218 List of Symbols 219 8.2 Concept of the Grossmann's H-Value and its Shortcomings By B. Liscic 219 8.2.1 Theoretical Background and Definition of the "Quenching Severity H" . 219 8.2.2 The Use and Evaluation of //-Values 221 8.2.3 Shortcomings of the //-Value 227 8.3 Practical Problems when Measuring Temperature Within Quenching Specimens By B. Liscic 232 8.4 Measurement and Recording of the Quenching Intensity in Workshop Practice Based on Heat-Flux-Density By B. Lisdic 234 8.4.1 Concept and Aims of the Temperature Gradient Method 234 8.4.2 Description of the Method 235 8.5 Definition and Evaluation of the Quenching Intensity By B. Liscic 243 8.6 Possibilities of Automatic Control of the Quenching Process By B. LiSCic 244 References 247 9 Types of Cooling Media and Their Properties By W. Luty 248 9.1 Required Properties 248 9.2 General Classification and Comparison of Quenchants 249 9.3 Water as a Quenching Medium 254 9.3.1 General Characteristic 254 9.3.2 Effect of the Temperature of Quenching Water upon its Quenching Power 256 9.3.3 Effect of Agitation Rate 258 9.3.4 Effect of Water Contamination 259 9.4 Water Solutions of Non-Organic Salts and Alkali 260 9.5 Water-Oil Emulsions 263 9.6 Aqueous Polymer Solutions 266 9.6.1 General Characteristic 267 9.6.2 Performance Characteristics 274 9.6.3 How to Use Polymer Quenchants 277 9.7 Mineral Quenching Oils 280 9.7.1 Composition of Quenching Oils 281 9.7.2 Classification and General Description of Quenching Oils 285 9.7.3 Physical and Chemical Properties 287 9.7.4 Quenching Power of Oils 291 9.7.5 Effects of Oils Temperature and Agitation 295 9.7.6 Contamination of Quenching Oils with Water 297 9.7.7 Ageing Process in Quenching Oils 300 9.7.8 Hot Quenching Oils 301 XI Table of contents 9.7.9 Vacuum Quenching Oils 304 9.7.10 Fire Hazard and Safety Precautions 305 9.8 Saltbaths used in Martempering and Austempering 307 9.8.1 General Description 307 9.8.2 Salpetre Salts 309 9.8.3 Martempering and Austempering in Molten Alkalis and Alkali-Salt-Baths 313 9.8.4 Safety Precautions when Using Salpetre Baths 315 9.9 Gas Quenching 316 9.9.1 Air Quenching 316 9.9.2 In Situ Gas Quenching in Vacuum Furnaces 317 9.10 Fluidized Quenching Beds 324 9.10.1 Fluidization Effect 324 9.10.2 General Description 325 9.10.3 Effect of Technological Factors on the Quenching Power 327 9.10.4 The Range of Application of Fluidized Beds 334 References 339 10 Techniques of Quenching 341 10.1 Immersion Cooling (Direct Quenching) ByH. E. Boyer 341 10.2 Quenching Techniques By H. E. Boyer 346 10.2.1 Interrupted Quenching Techniques 347 10.2.2 Rinse Quenching 347 10.2.3 Austempering 348 10.2.4 Martempering 351 10.2.5 Gas and Fog Quenching 353 10.2.6 Press and Cold Die Quenching 356 10.2.7 Self Quenching 359 10.3 Computer Controlled Spray Cooling By P. Archambault and F. Moreaux 360 References 366 10.4 Intensive Steel Quenching Methods By N. I. Kobasko 367 10.4.1 New Methods for Quenching Alloyed Steels Based on the Heat Exchange Intensification 367 10.4.1.1 Methods of Quenching Alloy Steel Parts 370 10.4.1.2 Steel Quenching Method Based on the Mechanism of Non-Stationary Nucleate Boiling 374 10.4.1.3 Application of New Methods for Quenching Parts of Complex Configuration 375 10.4.2 Reasoning for a Promotion of the Reliability of Parts of Machines and Tools Which were Hardened with Intensive Quenching Methods 380 10.4.3 Practical Use of New Quenching Methods and Perspective of Their Wide Application in Industry, Based on the Development of New Equipment . 384 References 388 XII Table of contents 11 Prediction of Hardness Profile in Workpiece, Based on Characteristic Cooling Parameters and Material Behaviour During Cooling 390 11.1 Prediction of Hardening Behaviour Using the Wetting Kinematics By H. M. Tensi 390 11.1.1 Possibilities and Limits to Predict the Hardening Behaviour 390 11.1.2 Influence of Wetting on the Temperature Distribution during Quenching 392 11.1.3 Prediction of Hardening Behaviour Using the Wetting Kinematics .... 394 11.1.3.1 Calculation of the Surface Hardness 395 11.1.3.2 Calculation of the Hardness Distribution in Cross-Section of Cylindrical Specimens 399 11.1.3.3 Calculation of the Hardness Distribution in Specimens of Optional Geometries 403 References 407 List of Symbols 408 11.2 Predetermination of Hardness Results By B. Liscic 409 11.2.1 The QTA-Method 409 List of Symbols 418 References 419 11.2.2 Relations Between Cooling Curves and Hardness Distribution (after K. E. Thelning) By B. Lisfiic 419 References 425 11.2.3 IVF Method for Classification of Quenching Oils By B. LiSdic 425 References 428 11.2.4 Prediction of Hardness Values based on Cooling Parameter By B. Liscic 428 References 435 11.2.5 Method CETIM for Prediction of Hardening Power of Quenching Oils By B. LiScic 436 References 445 11.2.6 Calculation of Mechanical Properties According to Blondeau, Maynier, Dollet and Veillard-Baron By T. Filetin 445 References 449 11.2.7 Own Databank for Quenching Intensities, Jominy Hardenability and Hardness Distribution on Test Specimens By T. Filetin 450 11.2.8 Computer-Aided Prediction of Hardness Profile upon Quenching Using the Own Databank By T. Filetin 456 References 466 11.2.9 Prediction of Structural Constituents and Hardness Values upon Quenching by Using CCT-Diagrams By B. Liscic 466 Table of contents References Subject Index, 1992. gebraucht gut, 900g, Internationaler Versand, PayPal, offene Rechnung, Banküberweisung, offene Rechnung (Vorkasse vorbehalten).

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484 Seiten; Das Buch befindet sich in einem ordentlich erhaltenen Zustand; in ENGLISCHER Sprache! Table of Contents 1 Transformation of Steels During Cooling By H. P. Hougardy I 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Constitution of Iron Alloys 1 1.3 Kinetics of Transformation 3 1.3.1 Principles 3 1.3.2 Microstructures of Steels 4 1.3.2.1 Types of Microstructure 4 1.3.2.2 Ferrite and Pearlite 4 1.3.2.3 Martensite 5 1.3.2.4 Bainite 7 1.3.2.5 Influence of Transformation Temperature 11 1.3.2.6 Tempering 11 1.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Microstructures 12 1.3.4 Transformation Diagrams 12 1.3.4.1 Austenitization 12 1.3.4.2 Isothermal Transformation 14 1.3.4.3 Transformation During Continuous Cooling 15 1.4 Factors Influencing the Transformation 15 1.4.1 Austenitizing Conditions 15 1.4.2 Cooling Rate 15 1.4.3 Alloying Elements 15 1.5 Description of Transformation in Components 16 1.6 Calculation of Transformation and Properties 17 References 17 2 Mechanical Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Alloys After Quenching ByH. J. Spies 19 2.1 Objectives of Quenching 19 2.2 Influence of Heat Treatment Structures on the Mechanical Properties 21 2.2.1 Ferrous Materials 21 2.2.2 Precipitation-Hardenable Aluminium Alloys 29 2.3 Characterization of Transformation Behaviour 33 References 39 /911091203VIII Table of contents 3 Thermo- and Fluiddynamic Principles of Heat Transfer During Cooling By F. Mayinger 41 3.1 Phenomena of Heat Transfer During Immersion Cooling 41 3.2 Single Phase Convection 48 3.2.1 Heat Transfer Equations for Forced Convection 53 3.2.2 Heat Transfer Equations for Natural Convection 54 3.3 Two Phase Heat Transfer 55 3.3.1 Free Convection Boiling 55 3.3.2 Forced Convection Boiling 57 3.3.3 Heat Transfer with Film Boiling 63 3.3.4 Transition Boiling 65 3.3.5 Critical Heat Flux 66 3.3.6 Immersion Cooling 67 List of Symbols 69 List of Subscripts 70 References 71 4 Heat Transfer During Cooling of Heated Metallic Objects with Evaporating Liquids By R. Jeschar, E. Specht and Chr. Kohler 73 4.1 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 73 4.2 Film Quenching 75 4.3 Immersion Quenching 81 4.4 Spray Quenching 89 References 92 5 Wetting Kinematics ByH. M. Tensi 91 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Definition of the Wetting Process 93 5.3 Model of Vapour Blanket Breakdown During Immersion Cooling of Metallic Bodies 97 5.4 Effect of Wetting Process on Cooling Behaviour 99 5.5 Impact of Quenchant Properties on Wetting Process 102 5.6 Impact of Sample Properties on Wetting Process 110 5.7 Summary 114 5.8 List of Symbols 115 References 116 6 Residual Stresses After Cooling By E. Macherauch and O. Vohringer 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Some Fundamentals 119 6.2.1 Definitions of Residual Stresses 119 6.2.2 Quenching of Steel Cylinders 123 6.2.3 Transformation Processes of Austenitized Steels During Quenching . 127 Table of contents IX 6.3 Stresses During Quenching of Cylinders with Ideal Linear-Elastic Deformation Behaviour 133 6.3.1 Shrinking Stresses Due to Local and Temporal Differences in Thermal Shrinking 133 6.3.2 Transformation Stresses Due to Local and Temporal Stresses in Phase Transformations 135 6.3.3 Superposition of Shrinking and Transformation Stresses 136 6.4 Residual Stresses After Quenching of Cylinders with Real Elastic-Plastic Deformation Behaviour 137 6.4.1 Plastic Deformations Due to Shrinking and Phase Transformations . 137 6.4.2 General Aspects of Shrinking, Transformation and Hardening Residual Stresses 139 6.4.3 Characteristic Examples of Stresses and Residual Stresses in Differently Quenched Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 147 6.5 Residual Stresses After Quenching of Carburized Steels 155 6.5.1 Some Fundamentals 155 6.5.2 Characteristic Examples 161 6.6 Residual Stresses After Quenching of Steels with Induction Heated Surface Layers 168 6.6.1 Quenching Without Transformation 168 6.6.2 Quenching Combined with Transformation 169 6.7 Residual Stresses After Self-Quenching of Steels with Laser-Heated Surface Layers 174 6.7.1 Quenching After Austenitizing 174 6.7.2 Quenching After Melting 178 References 180 7 Effect of Workpiece Surface Properties on Cooling Behaviour By F. Moreaux and G. Beck 182 7.1 Effect of Quenching Conditions on Liquid Vaporization Types 182 7.1.1 Transition Between Film-Boiling and Nucleate-Boiling 183 7.1.2 Instability of Film-Boiling in Sub-Cooled Water 184 7.1.3 Cooling Law Calculation 189 7.2 Influence on the Workpiece Surface's Thermophysical Properties . 191 7.2.1 Influence of the Initial Workpiece-Liquid Contact on the Cooling Process 191 7.2.2 Surface Thermal Resistance Effect on the Cooling Process 196 7.2.3 Influence of the Surface Condition on the Cooling Process 200 7.3 Quenching Control by Adding a Solute to the Water 200 7.3.1 Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Solutes 200 7.3.2 Organic Polymer Aqueous Solution 202 References 206 8 Determination of Quenching Power of Various Fluids 208 8.1 Methods and Standards for Laboratory Tests of Liquid Quenchants By H. M. Tensi 208 8.1.1 Laboratory Test for Industrial Quenching Oils 209 X Table of contents 8.1.2 Laboratory Test for Industrial Polymer Quenchants 210 8.1.3 Representation of Results 218 References 218 List of Symbols 219 8.2 Concept of the Grossmann's H-Value and its Shortcomings By B. Liscic 219 8.2.1 Theoretical Background and Definition of the "Quenching Severity H" . 219 8.2.2 The Use and Evaluation of //-Values 221 8.2.3 Shortcomings of the //-Value 227 8.3 Practical Problems when Measuring Temperature Within Quenching Specimens By B. Liscic 232 8.4 Measurement and Recording of the Quenching Intensity in Workshop Practice Based on Heat-Flux-Density By B. Lisdic 234 8.4.1 Concept and Aims of the Temperature Gradient Method 234 8.4.2 Description of the Method 235 8.5 Definition and Evaluation of the Quenching Intensity By B. Liscic 243 8.6 Possibilities of Automatic Control of the Quenching Process By B. LiSCic 244 References 247 9 Types of Cooling Media and Their Properties By W. Luty 248 9.1 Required Properties 248 9.2 General Cl, Books.

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BRAND NEW PRINT ON DEMAND., Theory and Technology of Quenching: A Handbook, Bozidar Liscic, Hans M. Tensi, Waclaw Luty, Heat treatment of metallic alloys constitutes an important step within the production process. The heat treatment process itself is considered as a cycle of heating the workpieces to a predetermined temperature, keeping them at this temperature for the time period required, and cooling them to room temperature in an appropriate way. The process of heating and keeping workpieces at the required temperature is now- adays weil mastered and mostly automatized. The process of cooling or quenching which determines actually the resulting properties, is handicapped with many physical and technical uncertainties. Good results can already be obtained predominantly by using empirically based practice. But increased demands on the properties of the pro- ducts as weIl as demands on safety and environment conditions of the quenching media require efforts to investigate the details of the quenching process and to transfer the results of the research to practical application. Advances in the knowledge about quenching processes have been achieved by modem applied thermodynamics especially by the heat and mass transfer researches; further the application of computer technology was helpful to new approaches in quenching pro- cesses. Special emphases has been given to: - The theory of heat transfer and heat exchange intensification during quenching - Wetting kinematics - Residual stresses after quenching - Determination of the quenching intensity - Prediction of microstructural transformation and hardness distribution after quenching, the latter with some limitations.

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Heat treatment of metallic alloys constitutes an important step within the production process. The heat treatment process itself is considered as a cycle of heating the workpieces to a predetermined temperature, keeping them at this temperature for the time period required, and cooling them to room temperature in an appropriate way. The process of heating and keeping workpieces at the required temperature is now­ adays weil mastered and mostly automatized. The process of cooling or quenching which determines actually the resulting properties, is handicapped with many physical and technical uncertainties. Good results can already be obtained predominantly by using empirically based practice. But increased demands on the properties of the pro­ ducts as weIl as demands on safety and environment conditions of the quenching media require efforts to investigate the details of the quenching process and to transfer the results of the research to practical application. Advances in the knowledge about quenching processes have been achieved by modem applied thermodynamics especially by the heat and mass transfer researches; further the application of computer technology was helpful to new approaches in quenching pro­ cesses. Special emphases has been given to: - The theory of heat transfer and heat exchange intensification during quenching - Wetting kinematics - Residual stresses after quenching - Determination of the quenching intensity - Prediction of microstructural transformation and hardness distribution after quenching, the latter with some limitations. Soft cover.

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Heat treatment of metallic alloys constitutes an important step within the production process. The heat treatment process itself is considered as a cycle of heating the workpieces to a predetermined temperature, keeping them at this temperature for the time period required, and cooling them to room temperature in an appropriate way. The process of heating and keeping workpieces at the required temperature is now adays weil mastered and mostly automatized. The process of cooling or quenching which determines actually the resulting properties, is handicapped with many physical and technical uncertainties. Good results can already be obtained predominantly by using empirically based practice. But increased demands on the properties of the pro ducts as weIl as demands on safety and environment conditions of the quenching media require efforts to investigate the details of the quenching process and to transfer the results of the research to practical application. Advances in the knowledge about quenching processes have been achieved by modem applied thermodynamics especially by the heat and mass transfer researches; further the application of computer technology was helpful to new approaches in quenching pro cesses. Special emphases has been given to: - The theory of heat transfer and heat exchange intensification during quenching - Wetting kinematics - Residual stresses after quenching - Determination of the quenching intensity - Prediction of microstructural transformation and hardness distribution after quenching, the latter with some limitations.

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Broché, Label: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, Produktgruppe: Book, Publiziert: 1992-12-31, Studio: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.

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Broché, Label: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, Produktgruppe: Book, Publiziert: 1992-12-31, Studio: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.