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Picasso was born a Spaniard and, so they say, began to draw before he could speak. As an infant he was instinctively attracted to artist’s tools. In early childhood he could spend hours in happy concentration drawing spirals with a sense and meaning known only to himself. At other times, shunning children’s games, he traced his first pictures in the sand. This early self-expression held out promise of a rare gift. Málaga must be mentioned, for it was there, on 25 October 1881, that Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born and it was there that he spent the first ten years of his life. Picasso’s father was a painter and professor at the School of Fine Arts and Crafts. Picasso learnt from him the basics of formal academic art training. Then he studied at the Academy of Arts in Madrid but never finished his degree. Picasso, who was not yet eighteen, had reached the point of his greatest rebelliousness; he repudiated academia’s anemic aesthetics along with realism’s pedestrian prose and, quite naturally, joined those who called themselves modernists, the non-conformist artists and writers, those whom Sabartés called “the élite of Catalan thought” and who were grouped around the artists’ café Els Quatre Gats. During 1899 and 1900 the only subjects Picasso deemed worthy of painting were those which reflected the “final truth”; the transience of human life and the inevitability of death. His early works, ranged under the name of “Blue Period” (1901-1904), consist in blue-tinted paintings influenced by a trip through Spain and the death of his friend, Casagemas. Even though Picasso himself repeatedly insisted on the inner, subjective nature of the Blue Period, its genesis and, especially, the monochromatic blue were for many years explained as merely the results of various aesthetic influences. Between 1905 and 1907, Picasso entered a new phase, called “Rose Period” characterised by a more cheerful style with orange and pink colours. In Gosol, in the summer of 1906 the nude female form assumed an extraordinary importance for Picasso; he equated a depersonalised, aboriginal, simple nakedness with the concept of “woman”. The importance that female nudes were to assume as subjects for Picasso in the next few months (in the winter and spring of 1907) came when he developed the composition of the large painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Just as African art is usually considered the factor leading to the development of Picasso’s classic aesthetics in 1907, the lessons of Cézanne are perceived as the cornerstone of this new progression. This relates, first of all, to a spatial conception of the canvas as a composed entity, subjected to a certain constructive system. Georges Braque, with whom Picasso became friends in the autumn of 1908 and together with whom he led Cubism during the six years of its apogee, was amazed by the similarity of Picasso’s pictorial experiments to his own. He explained that: “Cubism’s main direction was the materialisation of space.” After his Cubist period, in the 1920s, Picasso returned to a more figurative style and got closer to the surrealist movement. He represented distorted and monstrous bodies but in a very personal style. After the bombing of Guernica during 1937, Picasso made one of his most famous works which starkly symbolises the horrors of that war and, indeed, all wars. In the 1960s, his art changed again and Picasso began looking at the art of great masters and based his paintings on ones by Velázquez, Poussin, Goya, Manet, Courbet and Delacroix. Picasso’s final works were a mixture of style, becoming more colourful, expressive and optimistic. Picasso died in 1973, in his villa in Mougins. The Russian Symbolist Georgy Chulkov wrote: “Picasso’s death is tragic. Yet how blind and naïve are those who believe in imitating Picasso and learning from him. Learning what? For these forms have no corresponding emotions outside of Hell. But to be in Hell means to anticipate death. The Cubists are hardly privy to such unlimited knowledge”. Искусство/Изобразительное искусство, фотография, https://www.litres.ru/static/bookimages/08/29/17/08291774.bin.dir/08291774.cover.jpg, 1500996968, 66.50.

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Vincent van Gogh (Groot-Zundert, Brabant, 1853 – Auvers-sur-Oise, 1890) La vie et l'oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh sont si étroitement liées qu'il est quasiment impossible de voir ses toiles sans y lire le récit de SA vie : van Gogh est en effet devenu l'incarnation du martyr souffrant et incompris de l'art moderne, l'emblème de l'artiste marginal. Le premier article, publié en 1890, donnait des détails sur la maladie de van Gogh. L'auteur de l'article voyait le peintre comme un «génie terrible et dément, souvent sublime, parfois grotesque, toujours à la limite du cas pathologique ». On sait très peu de choses sur l'enfance de Vincent. Á l'âge de 11 ans, il dut quitter le «nid humain », comme il le nommait lui-même, pour poursuivre SA scolarité dans divers internats. Le premier portrait nous montre van Gogh comme un jeune homme sérieux de dix-neuf ans. A cette époque, il avait déjà travaillé trois ans à La Haye et ensuite à Londres, dans la galerie Goupil & Co. En 1874, son amour pour Ursula Loyer s'acheva dans un désastre et un an plus tard, il fut transféré à Paris, contre son gré. A l'issue d'une discussion particulièrement violente au moment des fêtes de Noël 1881, son père, pasteur, ordonna à Vincent de partir. Avec cette ultime rupture, il abandonna son nom de famille, signant ses toiles d'un simple «Vincent ». Il se rendit à Paris et ne retourna jamais en Hollande. Á Paris il fit la connaissance de Paul Gauguin, dont il admirait énormément les peintures. L'autoportrait fut le principal sujet de Vincent de 1886 à 1888. En février 1888, Vincent quitta Paris pour Arles, et essaya de persuader Gauguin de le rejoindre. Les mois passés à attendre Gauguin furent les plus productifs de la vie de van Gogh. Il voulait montrer à son ami autant de toiles que possible et décorer la Maison jaune. Mais Gauguin ne partageait pas sa vision de l'art et rentra finalement à Paris. Le 7 janvier 1889, quatorze jours après son automutilation, Vincent quitta l'hôpital. Ignorant sa propre folie, il espérait se rétablir et oublier, mais en réalité, il y retourna deux fois cette année là. Au cours de son ultime séjour à l'hôpital, Vincent peignit des paysages dans lesquels il recréait le monde de son enfance. On dit que Vincent van Gogh se tira une balle dans la tempe dans un champ, mais décida de rentrer à l'hôtel et de se coucher. Le propriétaire informa le Dr Gachet et son frère, Theo ; ce dernier décrivit les derniers instants de sa vie qui prit fin le 29 juillet 1890 : «Je voulais mourir. Mais j'étais assis à son chevet, lui promettant que nous allions le guérir. […] », il répondit : «La tristesse durera toujours. », Искусство/Изобразительное искусство, фотография, https://www.litres.ru/static/bookimages/08/46/35/08463576.bin.dir/08463576.cover.jpg, 1500996968, 66.50.

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